Aller au contenu
AIR-DEFENSE.NET

BAe et leurs U(C)AVs


Invité Rob
 Share

Messages recommandés

Unmanned combat aircraft: Costs are too high for UK to stay isolated

By James Boxell

Published: June 18 2007 02:27 | Last updated: June 18 2007 02:27

Mike Turner, chief executive of BAE Systems, Europe’s biggest defence manufacturer, used a dinner ahead of the last Paris Air Show to proclaim that he could envisage a future where the UK collaborated with European partners to develop an unmanned combat aircraft.

Two years later, that vision appears to have been overtaken by the need to protect the UK’s indigenous military aerospace sector.

Unmanned combat aircraft: Costs are too high for UK to stay isolated

Lien vers le commentaire
Partager sur d’autres sites

  • Réponses 462
  • Created
  • Dernière réponse

Top Posters In This Topic

Ils veulent bien collaborer, à condition de ne pas être relégués au rang de sous-traitant (cf EFA). Ceci suppose qu'ils aient un certain bagage technique à faire valoir, d'où le développement de multiples démonstrateurs d'UAV depuis quelques temps.

Lien vers le commentaire
Partager sur d’autres sites

l'article en plus complet

Alex Ashbourne, a London defence consultant, says: "Clearly unmanned aircraft is the way it is going and the JSF could well be the last manned fighter jet made in the west. While greater European collaboration would definitely make sense on one level, the UK cannot afford to go through another disastrous Eurofighter experience." The UK, Germany, Spain and Italy are still coping with the tens of billions of euros of cost overruns and years of delays.

ça casse sec  =D

Lien vers le commentaire
Partager sur d’autres sites

D'une certaine manière avec l'accord sur les MALE avec Aliena, ce n'est pas un peu ce qui est en train d'arriver à la France, devenir sous-traitant ?

J'aurais plutôt tendance à y voir une forme de réciprocité vu que c'est Dassault qui a eu la maîtrise d'oeuvre sur le Neuron.

Lien vers le commentaire
Partager sur d’autres sites

OK.

On verra.

Espérons que Dassault aura une bonne part dans le développement de la plateforme car quand on voit l'importance qu'auront les drones de surveillance dans de nombreux domaines civils et militaires et la taille (donc les capacités technologiques mais aussi les profits et l'influence) que les plus grosses plateformes UAV comme le Global Hawk atteignent, il serait bien que la France conserve un rôle prépondérant par l'intermédiaire de Dassault ou EADS-Airbus dans ce secteur.

Lien vers le commentaire
Partager sur d’autres sites

Marrant ça...

d'un côté EADS et de l'autre un genre de conglomérat Dassault/Astrium/SAAB. Reste BAE dans son coin ou plutot qui essaie de faire son trou aux US et qui risque de se prendre une rouste vu les intentions d'enquêtes de certains là bas et tous les amis qu'ils sont chez les industriels locaux. Ah oui il y a aussi CASA, mais ils sont déjà bien proches d'EADS.

L'industrie aéronautique militaire européenne aurait-elle trouvé un équilibre ? Est-ce que ces acteurs vont se rapprocher dans les années à venir pour avoir une taille suffisante pour les projets futurs ? ça va être intéressant à suivre.

Lien vers le commentaire
Partager sur d’autres sites

  • 1 month later...

Des nouvelles.

Dunlop Aerospace supports the future of military aviation with BAE Systems UAV agreement

Dunlop Aerospace Braking Systems today announced it has been selected to provide wheels, brakes and brake control systems for Taranis, the BAE Systems’ led unmanned air vehicle (UAV) technology programme that will demonstrate how emerging technologies and systems can deliver battle winning capabilities for the UK armed forces.

The agreement, which was reached during this year’s Paris Air Show, will see the Meggitt group company deliver equipment for the £124 million demonstrator aircraft that is being developed at BAE Systems’ site in Warton, Lancashire as part of the Ministry of Defence’s (MoD) Strategic UAV Experiment programme.

It is a significant deal for the Coventry-based company, which is at the forefront of the UAV marketplace as unmanned vehicles progress towards operational capability alongside traditional military aircraft in both reconnaissance and combat operations.

“We have selected Dunlop Aerospace as a supplier based on its experience of working in the military aviation sector and recognising its activities in the UAV sector,” said Chris Kelly, Procurement and Supply Chain Director of BAE Systems’ Autonomous Systems and Future Capability business.

“As UAVs play an increasingly vital role in military operations, BAE Systems is keen to continue to work with long-established suppliers such as Dunlop Aerospace, to protect UK capability and ensure that the UK aerospace sector stays ahead of the global race to develop technologically advanced aircraft.”

David Johnson, Managing Director of Dunlop Aerospace Braking Systems is delighted that the company has been chosen to support the Taranis project.

“Unmanned air vehicles are an important part of the future for aviation,” he said. “Dunlop Aerospace has some very exciting technology for this type of aircraft which builds on our previous success last year when we successfully flight tested our electric e-brake systems in a UAV.

“We also see our involvement in the programme as an opportunity to support the UK aerospace sector in terms of research and development.”

Dunlop Aerospace will supply its equipment to BAE Systems in 2008 and the aircraft is scheduled to commence flight trials in 2010.

ENDS

Notes to editors

1. Dunlop Aerospace Braking Systems is a Meggitt group company, with headquarters in Coventry, UK. The company provides a host of wheel and braking products and services to the aerospace industry and it has a history in the marketplace stretching back almost 100 years. The company has an annual turnover of over $150 million and employs over 900 people worldwide.

2. Headquartered in the United Kingdom, Meggitt PLC is an international group operating in North America, Europe and Asia. Known for its specialised extreme environment engineering, Meggitt is a world leader in aerospace equipment, sensing systems, defence training and combat support products and systems.

3. For more press information contact John Butters at Bell Pottinger North on (01625) 506444 or email jbutters@bellpottingernorth.co.uk, or Alison Rowe at Dunlop Aerospace Braking Systems on 024 7666 8871.

Link.

http://www.meggitt.com/info/press_detail.asp?NewsID=322

Lien vers le commentaire
Partager sur d’autres sites

  • 1 month later...

Bien.

BAE to Try Undersea-to-Aerial UAV Datalink in 2008

By TOM KINGTON, LONDON

BAE Systems is planning in 2008 to test data links between its Talisman undersea unmanned vessel and its Herti UAV, said Andy Tonge, the company’s autonomous systems manager for underwater systems at BAE.

“Why not fuse the data from the Talisman and a UAV, where the latter is providing aerial images of a port, for instance, and the former is carrying out undership inspections?” Tonge said.

Designed for minesweeping and other missions, the Talisman has a 500-kilogram payload and a 24-hour endurance. The Herti UAV flies to 20,000 feet and boasts endurance of 25 hours.

The Talisman would surface to transmit data, Tonge added.

Tonge said a UAV could also help transfer command of the Talisman from the ship that launched it to ground forces.

Link.

http://www.defensenews.com/dsei/story.php?id=3032984

Herti

Image IPB

Talisman

Image IPB

Talisman-M

Image IPB

Lien vers le commentaire
Partager sur d’autres sites

  • 2 weeks later...

des nouvelles de la perfide albion

PICTURE: MBDA team reveals new loitering missile concept

MBDA expects to sign a delayed strategic partnering agreement with the UK Ministry of Defence next year to formalise the creation of its Team Complex Weapons group, which will be responsible for the development, manufacture and support of the bulk of the nation's future missile systems and other key armaments. Fresh progress on the initiative, which was launched during last year's Farnborough air show and originally to be concluded within six months, comes as the manufacturer unveiled a new loitering battlefield munition design, dubbed Fireshadow.

Shown for the first time by MBDA-led Team Loitering Munitions at DSEi, the ground-launched design will operate above the battlefield in a similar manner to an unmanned air vehicle for up to 10h before delivering its weapons load with claimed "sub-metric precision".

The approximately 150km (81nm)-range system is being designed to operate in close conjunction with intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition and reconnaissance assets such as the British Army's future Thales/Elbit Systems Watchkeeper UAV, and will provide an affordable means of attacking mobile and time-sensitive targets. MBDA says the Fireshadow system will also be suitable for use in urban operations, and will have a unit cost comparable to the UK's current-generation guided rockets.

The new loitering munitions team also includes companies such as Lockheed Martin, Meggitt, Qinetiq, Selex Sensors & Airborne Systems and Thales, many of which are also supporting the Team CW initiative.

MBDA chief executive Antoine Bouvier and MBDA UK managing director Steve Wadey met UK minister for defence equipment and support Lord Drayson at the show to discuss progress, including on the loitering munition.

"We are committed to acting as a driving force on Team CW, and are working very closely with the MoD," says Bouvier. "The process is also aligned with the vision of MBDA, for the benefit of the company and Europe on long-term convergence. It is an opportunity to leverage our capabilities in the UK and go beyond borders."

http://www.flightglobal.com/assets/getAsset.aspx?ItemID=19405

Image IPB

Image IPB

Loitering Munition Capability Demonstration - LMCD

LMCD – Loitering Munition Capability Demonstration – an MOD program calling for the early demonstration of loitering weapons, providing persistent coverage, deterrence and kill of enemy targets over a wide area and extended period of time. The loitering weapon will be able to deliver fast effects over a wide area, with pin-point accuracy.

Several systems were displayed at DSEi, presumably pitching for this program. Among these were the new SMACM from Lockheed Martin. This weapon can be used as an armed expendable UAV or a reconnaissance vehicle. It is compatible with most combat aircraft and BRU-61A launchers. TARES, advanced version of the German Taifun. MBDA and Ultra Electronics, the two companies selected to continue to the next phase of the program presented operational and available platforms, and both include Israeli partners.

Ultra has teamed with Rafael, EMIT and Raytheon, to offer the BLADE (Battlefield Loitering Artillery Direct Effect), based on a modified Sparrow M UAV designed and produced by EMIT. The vehicle has an endurance of six-hours. It is configured with a nose mounted forward looking EO payload and has a capacity to carry additional fuel or other payloads, including explosives. In the Blade configuration, the UAVs could be operated in "searcher" and "killer" roles. On board EO sensors will be used to identify and classify targets, and check battle damage. The killer UAVs will also be able to actively seek and destroy high priority targets. It is assumed that the UAVs will be able to coordinate their search patterns to take advantage of the persistence and availability of sensors over a wide area.

MBDA is leading a consortium including IAI, QinetiQ, Insys and Carnfield University. Its proposed weapon is the White Hawk, a derivative of the Harpy radar killer drone, developed by IAI and operational in several armies. IAI has also developed; under a joint venture with Raytheon (now a member of the competing team) an extended version of Harpy (also known as E-Harpy) called Cutlass. This UAV was reportedly offered to Turkey which already operates the Harpy. White Hawk, believed to be based on this platform, integrates an EO sensor and an explosive charge of a significant weight on a single platform. According to MBDA, the basic endurance requirement is for several hours but the program expects endurance growth in the future to the range of 20 hours, matching the capabilities of UAVs.

Rheinmetall Defence Electronics (RDE) displayed the new Tactical Advanced Recce Strike System (TARES), an evolutionary step from its Taifun killer drone. RDE successfully completed a series of test flights which tested the sensors, and verify the vehicle/GCS long range communications capabilities via datalinks and communications relays. During these tests TARES achieved its required operational radius of 200km. The homing device uses a thermal imaging sensor and a target imaging processor.

Lien vers le commentaire
Partager sur d’autres sites

Team LM, led by MBDA, is unveiling its Fire Shadow Weapon System at the DSEI exhibition in London this week. The weapon system is being presented as a solution for the UK ground forces’ requirement for a low cost, all-weather, 24 hour capability to carry out precision attacks against surface targets which may be difficult to engage and time sensitive. 

Team LM is a “best in class” mix of traditional complex weapons suppliers, non- traditional complex weapons defence companies, SMEs (Small and Medium size Enterprises) as well as academia. With MBDA at its head, Team LM comprises Blue Bear Systems Research, Cranfield Aerospace, Cranfield University, Lockheed Martin UK INSYS, Marshalls SV, Meggitt, QinetiQ, Roxel, Selex SAS, Thales UK, Ultra Electronics and VEGA.

Team LM is leading the Complex Weapons Sector in putting into industrial practice the requirements outlined by the UK MoD’s Defence Industrial Strategy (DIS) launched at the end of 2005.  DIS identified an overcapacity in the UK complex weapons industrial sector and called for a partnership approach between MoD and industry to meet future complex weapons requirements and ensure sovereign capability is maintained. The outcome was the formation of Team Complex Weapons (Team CW) which aims to establish a Strategic Partnering Agreement for UK industry with the MoD under the leadership of MBDA and MoD, to jointly manage all future complex weapons capability, research and technology and in-service support. At Farnborough 2006, Lord Drayson announced a change in the procurement strategy for the IFPA loitering munition system, saying that it would be single-sourced to Team CW, subject to an enduring requirement for this capability,  affordability and the ability to clearly demonstrate value for money.

Explaining how Team LM is a prime example of how Team CW can meet the UK’s DIS requirements, MBDA UK Managing Director, Steve Wadey, said: “The loitering munitions programme is the ideal catalyst not only in cementing the formation of Team CW but also in putting the Defence Industrial Strategy into practice. Team LM has already invested significantly in risk reduction work; it has established a partnering framework with the customer and has come up with an effective and highly cost-effective loitering munition solution. The Team LM approach in partnering with UK MoD is aimed at working with the customer to deliver an early and affordable step change in capability to the front line within an overall through life acquisition framework. Very excitingly our early risk reduction work maintains the potential to introduce an initial capability into service within as little as five years”.

Recent combat experience, where for example the enemy only reveals its position fleetingly, has highlighted the need for a low cost weapon that can be launched over a battle zone, loiter for several hours and then rapidly strike a suitable target when it appears while still conforming to increasingly demanding rules of engagement. The potential need for a loitering munition, among a mix of other weapons, became apparent during the assessment phase of the UK’s IFPA (Indirect Fire Precision Attack) programme concluded in 2005. This need was reiterated by the UK’s Minister of State for Defence, Equipment and Support, Lord Drayson, at the Farnborough Airshow in 2006.

Fire Shadow will meet the UK’s requirement for a weapon system with an operating range of more than 150km and sub-metric precision (a CEP or Circular Error of Probability of less than 1 metre). To meet complex rules of engagement, Fire Shadow also features MITL (Man In The Loop) operation so that the weapon always remains under the control of an operator who can divert the weapon at the last moment should, for example, non-combatants suddenly appear near the intended target.

Following Fire Shadow’s launch over the battle zone, the weapon will be able to receive real-time target information from a range of sources in a potentially network or info-centric enabled environment. These sources could be from ISTAR (Intelligence, Surveillance, Target Acquisition and Reconnaissance) aircraft or from surveillance UAVs (Unmanned Air Vehicles) such as the UK’s Watchkeeper when it enters service or even from an operator on the ground. Fire Shadow will feature high operational flexibility and be effective in complex battle scenarios such as urban environments.  The cost per munition for Fire Shadow will be kept to around that of current generation guided rockets. However, unlike guided rockets, Fire Shadow will be able to loiter for around 10 hours over the battle zone, waiting for the enemy to appear.

The IFPA Assessment Phase 1 concluded in 2005 that a Loitering Munitions Weapon System was an effective element of the force mix. Early indications from IFPA Assessment Phase 2 suggest that a Loitering Munitions Weapon System remains an effective element of the force mix in a wider range of scenarios. The Loitering Munitions Assessment Phase is expected to commence in 2008 and lead to a Main Gate decision in 2011.

Following the Ministerial announcement, Team LM has been working closely with the Artillery Systems IPT (the UK MoD’s Integrated Project Team) to conduct baseline studies in preparation for the Assessment Phase Business Case Approval in early 2008 in advance of an Assessment Phase starting late 2008.

Lien vers le commentaire
Partager sur d’autres sites

  • 4 weeks later...

BAE Systems Led UCAV Programme Breaks New Ground

15 Oct 2007 | Ref. 318

Image IPB

TARANIS

Warton, UK - The cutting of first metal for the UK's 124m Taranis UCAV (unmanned combat air vehicle) technology demonstrator programme means that the BAE Systems led team remains well on track for first flight in 2010.

In addition to the physical manufacture of the Taranis airframe now being underway, the design of the autonomous systems have also been finalised.

Taranis, at about the size of a BAE Systems Hawk, will be the largest UAV yet built in the UK, and as part of the UK MoD's Strategic Unmanned Air Vehicle (Experiment) (SUAV(E)) programme will explore and demonstrate how emerging technologies and systems can deliver battle-winning capabilities for the UK armed forces. BAE Systems is the industry lead and prime contractor with other industry partners comprising QinetiQ, Rolls-Royce and the systems division of GE Aviation (formally Smiths Aerospace).

Chris Allam, BAE Systems' Taranis project director, said: "The brains of Taranis are designed and coherent.  What we have designed is a system that can autonomously control the aircraft to taxi, take off, and navigate its way to a search area while reacting to any threats or other events. It will then route its way around the search area in whichever way it wants to, locate the target, and then use its sensor system to transmit a series of images and views back to the operator to confirm it is the target to be attacked. Then, once it has been authorised to do so, it autonomously attacks that target, routes its way back home, lands and taxies back.

The initial concept for Taranis was built on the BAE Systems-funded Raven programme and many other technology de-risking activities undertaken under both industry and MOD funding. Raven demonstrated, in flight, an autonomous system using a configuration similar to the one proposed for Taranis. BAE Systems was appointed industry lead and prime contractor for the Taranis technology demonstration programme under a contract awarded by the UK MOD in December 2006.

Link.

http://www.baesystems.com/Newsroom/NewsReleases/autoGen_107915121728.html

Lien vers le commentaire
Partager sur d’autres sites

  • 3 weeks later...

Les, a mon avis, sept plus important programmes UAV/UCAV britanniques.

1. Taranis

Image IPB

  • 126 millions de livres
  • Premier vol a 2010
  • 2 "bomb bays"
  • Masse de 8000kgs
  • Production: Un demonstrateur
  • Entreprise principal: BAE Systems

2. Zephyr

Image IPB

  • Premier vol a 2006
  • Masse de 30kgs
  • Autonomie de plus de 54 hours

3. Watchkeeper

Image IPB

  • Premier vol a 2009
  • Masse de 450kgs
  • Autonomie de 17 hours
  • Production: 54 pour le Royaume-Uni, probablement plus pour l'export
  • Entreprise principal: Thales UK

4. Herti

Image IPB

  • Premier vol a 2004
  • Masse de 450kgs
  • Autonomie de 24 hours
  • Production: Jusqu'a ici 10 pour des essays, production pour un systeme operational est possible
  • Entreprise principal: BAE Systems

5. Raven

Image IPB

  • Premier vol a 2003
  • Production: 2 pour des essays
  • Entreprise principal: BAE Systems

6. Corax

Image IPB

  • Premier vol a 2005
  • Production: Un demonstrateur
  • Entreprise principal: BAE Systems

7. Damselfly VSTOL UAV

Image IPB

  • Entreprise principal: Selex S&AS
Lien vers le commentaire
Partager sur d’autres sites

  • 2 weeks later...

Le masse de BAE Systems Herti est plus grand pour le version du production. Le premier version du production du HERTI est presque fini, Slingsby Aviation va donner BAE Systems le premier version du production du HERTI avec un masse de 750kgs avant le fin du Novembre 2007.

Lien vers le commentaire
Partager sur d’autres sites

  • 3 months later...

Taranis 1 Neuron 0? Qu'est ce que c'est le status du Neuron?  =)

ASSEMBLY STARTS OF TARANIS UNMANNED COMBAT AIR VEHICLE

19 Feb 2008 | Ref. 065/2008

Image IPB

TARANIS

Warton, UK – BAE Systems has begun assembly of the first major components of Taranis, the £124m Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle (UCAV) that will help inform the UK MoD on the balance and capability of its ‘future force mix’.

Specialist jigs have now been set up in a dedicated assembly hangar at BAE Systems which will be home to Taranis until it prepares for its first test flights in 2010.

Chris Allam, Project Director for Taranis at BAE Systems, said: “The start of assembly on Taranis is significant. It is the first time the UK has built an unmanned air vehicle on this scale with this level of capability. The teamwork around the Programme to date has been first class. This first phase of assembly is scheduled to take us through to the 4th quarter of 2008 before we move in to final assembly when we equip and test the aircraft prior to ground trials at Warton during 2009. Alongside this, our colleagues at Rolls-Royce will also be working on engine bench testing to confirm the performance of the propulsion system.”

BAE Systems is leading a Team comprising Rolls-Royce, QinetiQ and GE Aviation (formerly Smiths Aerospace) in developing the UK MoD Taranis Technology Demonstration Programme which brings together a wide range of expertise on flight dynamics, autonomous systems and stealth capability.

Following First Metal Cut in September 2007, many components are now in manufacture including the engine intake duct. The duct is being manufactured using state-of-the-art fibre placement technology within the Special Engineering Composite Facility (SECF) at BAE Systems at Samlesbury.

Link.

http://www.baesystems.com/Newsroom/NewsReleases/autoGen_10811916326.html

BAE SYSTEMS’ HERTI MAKES SINGAPORE DEBUT

19 Feb 2008 | Ref. 063/2008

Warton, UK - Fresh from a successful deployment in Afghanistan by the Royal Air Force, one of the world’s first fully autonomous unmanned autonomous systems (UAS) will make its Singapore debut at the 2008 Singapore Air Show.

Developed by BAE Systems, HERTI is one of a new generation of UAS suitable for both military and civil operations

The RAF deployed a HERTI system in Afghanistan in 2007 as part of its unique Project Morrigan collaboration with BAE Systems. Launched in September 2006, Project Morrigan aims to integrate HERTI into UK forces for a short period in order to develop potential tactics, techniques and procedures for integrating UAS into existing joint manned/unmanned force structures.

Hailing HERTI’s success in Afghanistan, Wing Commander Mike Humphreys, Officer Commanding of the RAF’s UAV Battlelab, said: “While the objectives and outputs from the exercise remain classified, the HERTI system has been successful in demonstrating its capability in an operational environment. Both the RAF and BAE Systems are satisfied with the progress and development of the project thus far and we look forward to building on this in the coming months.”

With its ability to take off, complete a full mission and land – all at the click of a computer mouse – HERTI has been designed to meet a wide variety of operational needs, both cost effectively and with extremely high levels of reliability while removing the need for an operator or pilot to control the aircraft from the ground

HERTI is one of a family of UAS being developed by BAE Systems through its Autonomous Systems & Future Capability, Integrated System Technologies and Australian businesses. Through this work, BAE Systems has been able to translate high levels of autonomy into increased operational effectiveness.

The HERTI air vehicle and its unique ground control station is showcased in Singapore in its production configuration. When coupled with BAE Systems’ Imagery Collection & Exploitation (ICE) system, the aircraft offers real potential in the fields of maritime, coastline and border surveillance as well as showing broader potential for areas such as pipeline, plant and infrastructure surveillance, and insurgent detection.

HERTI builds on previous major achievements where BAE Systems has flown six different UAS over the last six years. These included the first, and still the only, fully autonomous flight by a UAS in UK airspace with Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) clearance.

Andy Wilson, Business Development Director for Utility UAS at BAE Systems, says: “What we have done in developing HERTI is to produce a platform that is affordable, built to meet operational needs, and which will offer levels of reliability that up until now will have only been available in manned aircraft.

“In Singapore, we will be exhibiting the production configuration vehicle, and the system in which it operates, giving new levels of autonomy and reliability for UAS. Effectively this is the first of the next generation of this kind of vehicle. HERTI has the ability to offer users both in the military and civil environment a range of capabilities up until now simply not accessible because of either cost or reliability issues.”

Mark Kane, Managing Director of Autonomous Systems & Future Capability at BAE Systems, said: “The key to HERTI is that we have developed a capability and task driven system that will deliver high levels of operational performance in a wide range of different roles.  Recent trials have given us further confidence that HERTI is uniquely placed to meet customer requirements around the world.”

In Singapore, BAE Systems will be able to demonstrate HERTI’s unique autonomous mission system capability through a fully operational ground station which will replay, in real time, missions carried out during HERTI’s extensive flight test programme. This includes mission planning, vehicle monitoring and sensor exploitation.

Link.

http://www.baesystems.com/Newsroom/NewsReleases/autoGen_108119161927.html

Lien vers le commentaire
Partager sur d’autres sites

  • 2 months later...

Rejoindre la conversation

Vous pouvez publier maintenant et vous inscrire plus tard. Si vous avez un compte, connectez-vous maintenant pour publier avec votre compte.

Invité
Répondre à ce sujet…

×   Collé en tant que texte enrichi.   Restaurer la mise en forme

  Seulement 75 émoticônes maximum sont autorisées.

×   Votre lien a été automatiquement intégré.   Afficher plutôt comme un lien

×   Votre contenu précédent a été rétabli.   Vider l’éditeur

×   Vous ne pouvez pas directement coller des images. Envoyez-les depuis votre ordinateur ou insérez-les depuis une URL.

 Share

  • Statistiques des membres

    5 964
    Total des membres
    1 749
    Maximum en ligne
    Mathieu
    Membre le plus récent
    Mathieu
    Inscription
  • Statistiques des forums

    21,5k
    Total des sujets
    1,7m
    Total des messages
  • Statistiques des blogs

    4
    Total des blogs
    3
    Total des billets
×
×
  • Créer...